Dental Hygiene

Journals

Format: Author(s). Article title. Journal Title. Publication Date; volume(issue):page numbers.

Journals are a type of periodical. The following rules and examples can be used for magazines and other periodicals.

Authors

• List names in the order they appear in the text.
• Enter the surname first for each author.
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited.
• Convert first and middle names to initials (maximum of two initials following each surname).
• Give all authors.
• Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space.
• End author information with a period.

Article Title

• Enter the title of an article as it appears in the publication.
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initials.
• Use a colon and space to separate a title from a subtitle (unless another form of punctuation is already present).
• Translate non-English titles into English; place the translation in square brackets.
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or an article type follows it.

Journal Title

• Enter a journal title in the original language.
• Cite the journal name that was used at the time of publication.
• Abbreviate significant words in a journal title. 
  • You can find journal title abbreviations in the NLM Catalog.
• Capitalize all remaining title words, including abbreviations.

Publication Date

• Include the year, month, and day of publication in that order (e.g., 2024 Aug 27).
• Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters.
• End date information with a semicolon unless there is no volume or issue, then end with a colon.

Volume

• Omit "volume", "vol.", and similar wording preceding the number.
• Use Arabic numbers (e.g., convert LX or sixtieth to 60).
• Separate multiple volumes by a hyphen (e.g., 6-7).
• Do not follow volume number(s) with punctuation unless there is no issue number, then follow with a colon.

Issue

• Omit "number", "no.", and other wording preceding the number.
• Use Arabic numbers (e.g., convert IV or fourth to 4).
• Separate multiple issues by a hyphen (e.g., 2-3).
• Place issue information in parentheses.
• End issue information with a colon unless further divisions, such as a supplement or part, exist.

Pages

• Give the inclusive page numbers on which the article appears.
• Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter (e.g., 123-125 becomes 123-5, but 124A-126A is correct).
• Include a letter (S for Supplement or A for Appendix) when it precedes the page number (e.g., S10-8).
• End page information with a period.

Examples

Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, Chiu V. Blood pressure levels before dementia. Arch Neurol. 2005 Jan;62(1):112-6.

Jun BC, Song SW, Park CS, Lee DH, Cho KJ, Cho JH. The analysis of maxillary sinus aeration according to aging process: volume assessment by 3-dimensional reconstruction by high-resolutional CT scanning. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Mar;132(3):429-34.

American Diabetes Association. Diabetes update. Nursing. 2003 Nov;Suppl:19-20, 24.

King JT Jr, Horowitz MB, Kassam AB, Yonas H, Roberts MS. The short form-12 and the measurement of health status in patients with cerebral aneurysms: performance, validity, and reliability. J Neurosurg. 2005 Mar;102(3):489-94.

Bhutta ZA, Darmstadt GL, Hasan BS, Haws RA. Community-based interventions for improving perinatal and neonatal health outcomes in developing countries: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics. 2005 Feb;115(2 Suppl):519-617. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1441.

Books

Format: Author(s). Title. Edition. Secondary Author. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication. Pages.

Author/Editor

• List names in the order they appear in the text.
• Enter the surname first for each author/editor.
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited.
• Convert first and middle names to initials (maximum of two initials following each surname).
• Give all authors/editors.
• Separate author/editor names from each other by a comma and a space.
• If there are no authors, only editors, follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors.
• End author information with a period.

Title

• Enter the title of a book as it appears in the original document.
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initials.
• Use a colon and space to separate a title from a subtitle (unless another form of punctuation is already present).
• Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets.
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or an article type follows it.

Edition

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title when a book is published in more than one edition or version.
• Abbreviate common words.
• Capitalize only the first word of the edition statement, proper nouns, and proper adjectives.
• Express numbers in Arabic numerals (e.g., second or II becomes 2nd).
• End the edition statement with a period.

Place of Publication

• Place is defined as the city where the book was published.
• Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation in parentheses for the state or province (e.g., Sioux Falls (SD) or Baltimore (MD)).
• Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out as the two-letter ISO country code, when citing lesser-known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name. (e.g., Bergen (NO)).
• Use the anglicized form for a non-US city (e.g., Vienna for Wien).
• End place information with a colon

Publisher

• A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the book.
• Record the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication, using whatever capitalization and punctuation is found there.
• Abbreviate well-known publisher names if desired but with caution to avoid confusion (e.g., "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley".)
• When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher is given, enter the publisher name first (e.g., McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division). 
• End publisher information with a semicolon.

Date of Publication

• Always give the year of publication.
• Include the month of publication, if desired, after the year, such as 2024 Aug.
• Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan.
• End date information with a period.

Pages

• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the book appears.
• Do not count pages for such items as introductory material, appendixes, and indexes unless they are included in the pagination of the text.
• Follow the page total with a space and the letter p.
• For books published in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of volumes instead of the number of pages (e.g., 4 vol.).
• End page information with a period.

Examples

Jenkins PF. Making sense of the chest x-ray: a hands-on guide. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005. 194 p.

Beth Israel Hospital (Boston). Obstetrical decision making. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker; 1987. 320 p.

Modlin IM, Sachs G. Acid related diseases: biology and treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004. 522 p.

Webpages

Format: Author(s). Title [Type of Medium]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of Citation]. Availability. 

A citation to a Web site is made primarily from the information found on a homepage. To cite only one component of a Web site, such as a specific page or pages, first, determine whether or not the component can stand alone and be cited separately.

Author

• List names in the order they appear on the site.
• Enter the surname first for each author.
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear.
• Convert first and middle names to initials (maximum of two initials following each surname).
• Give all authors.
• Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space.
• End author information with a period.

Title

• Reproduce the title of a homepage as closely as possible to the wording on the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, punctuation, and special characters when possible.
• Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation is already present.
• Follow non-English titles with a translation when possible; place the translation in square brackets.
• End a title with a space.

Type of Medium

• Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title.
• End with a period placed outside the closing bracket.

Place of Publication

• Place is defined as the city where the homepage is published.
• Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province.
• Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out as the two-letter ISO country code, when citing lesser-known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name. (e.g., Bergen (NO)).
• Use the anglicized form for a non-US city (e.g., Vienna for Wien).
• End place information with a colon.

Publisher

• A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the homepage.
• Record the name of the publisher as it appears on the homepage or opening screens, using whatever capitalization and punctuation is found there.
• Abbreviate well-known publisher names if desired but with caution to avoid confusion (e.g., "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley".)
• When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher is given, enter the publisher name first (e.g., McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division). 
• End publisher information with a semicolon.

Date of Publication

• Use the date the homepage was first placed on the Internet.
• Always give the year.
• Include the month of publication, if desired, after the year, such as 2024 Aug.
• Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan.
• End date information with a period.

Date of Update/Revision

• Homepages are frequently updated or revised after publication dates or copyright dates.
• Begin update/revision information with a left square bracket.
• Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated, or modified.
• Always give the year of update/revision.
• Include the month and day of update/revision after the year, such as 2024 Aug 27.
• Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan.
• End update/revision information with a semicolon and a space.

Date of Citation

• Always include the date the homepage was seen on the Internet.
• Include the year, month, and day in that order (e.g., 2024 Aug 27).
• Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan.
• If a date of update/revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow both dates with a right square bracket.
• If no date of update/revision is given, place citation date information in square brackets.
• End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket.

Availability

• Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space.
• Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in its entirety; do not omit http://, www, or other beginning components.
• End with a period only if the URL ends with a slash, otherwise end with no punctuation.

Examples

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/.

AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.

Hooper JF. Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric Resource Page [Internet]. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology; 1999 Jan 1 [updated 2006 Jul 8; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/.

AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007. AMA launches exclusive partnership with the ReachMD Channel for medical professionals; 2007 Mar 26 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/17469.html